/* basic reset & layout settings */
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }

    /* gallery container: centered single column */
    .gallery-2 {
      max-width: 680px; /* limits width on larger screens */
      margin: 0 auto;   /* centers the gallery on the page */
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 2.5rem;      /* spacing between photo cards */
    }

    /* photo card styling */
    .photo-card {
      background-color: #ffffff;
      border-radius: 12px;
      overflow: hidden;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
      transition: transform 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease;
    }

    /* subtle hover effect for desktop screens */
    .photo-card:hover {
      transform: translateY(-3px);
      box-shadow: 0 8px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12);
    }

    /* responsive image */
    .photo-card img {
      width: 100%;
      height: auto;
      display: block; /* prevents small white gap below images */
    }

    /* text section below each photo */
    .photo-content {
      padding: 1.25rem 1.5rem;
    }

    .photo-content h3 {
      font-size: 1.60rem;
      font-weight: 600;
      margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
      color: #111;
    }

    .photo-content p {
      font-size: 1.60rem;
      line-height: 1.5;
      color: #555;
    }

    /* responsive tweak for small mobile devices */
    @media (max-width: 480px) {
      body {
        padding: 1rem 0.5rem;
      }

      .gallery-2 {
        gap: 1.5rem;
      }

      .photo-content {
        padding: 1rem;
      }
    }